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Compare Saudi Arabia (2002) - Singapore (2001)

Compare Saudi Arabia (2002) z Singapore (2001)

 Saudi Arabia (2002)Singapore (2001)
 Saudi ArabiaSingapore
Administrative divisions 13 provinces (mintaqat, singular - mintaqah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern Province), 'Asir, Ha'il, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk none
Age structure 0-14 years: 42.4% (male 5,086,541; female 4,883,942)


15-64 years: 54.8% (male 7,493,304; female 5,396,985)


65 years and over: 2.8% (male 362,780; female 289,778) (2002 est.)
0-14 years:
17.89% (male 397,124; female 372,058)

15-64 years:
75.16% (male 1,575,381; female 1,656,838)

65 years and over:
6.95% (male 130,815; female 168,203) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk rubber, copra, fruit, orchids, vegetables; poultry, eggs, fish, ornamental fish
Airports 209 (2001) 9 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 71 70


over 3,047 m: 31 31


2,438 to 3,047 m: 12 11


1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 23


914 to 1,523 m: 2 3


under 914 m: 2 2 (2002)
total:
9

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 138


2,438 to 3,047 m: 6


1,524 to 2,437 m: 79


914 to 1,523 m: 39


under 914 m: 13 (2002)
-
Area total: 1,960,582 sq km


land: 1,960,582 sq km


water: 0 sq km
total:
647.5 sq km

land:
637.5 sq km

water:
10 sq km
Area - comparative slightly more than one-fifth the size of the US slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background In 1902 Abd al-Aziz Ibn SAUD captured Riyadh and set out on a 30-year campaign to unify the Arabian Peninsula. In the 1930s, the discovery of oil transformed the country. Following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwaiti royal family and 400,000 refugees while allowing Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil for the liberation of Kuwait the following year. A burgeoning population, aquifer depletion, and an economy largely dependent on petroleum output and prices are all major governmental concerns. Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, Singapore joined Malaysia in 1963, but withdrew two years later and became independent. It subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest) and with per capita GDP above that of the leading nations of Western Europe.
Birth rate 37.25 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 12.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $42 billion


expenditures: $54 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)
revenues:
$18.1 billion

expenditures:
$17.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.5 billion (FY99/00 est.)
Capital Riyadh Singapore
Climate harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Coastline 2,640 km 193 km
Constitution governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
Country name conventional long form: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia


conventional short form: Saudi Arabia


local long form: Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah


local short form: Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
conventional long form:
Republic of Singapore

conventional short form:
Singapore
Currency Saudi riyal (SAR) Singapore dollar (SGD)
Death rate 5.86 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $23.8 billion (2001 est.) $9.7 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Robert W. JORDAN


embassy: Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh


mailing address: American Embassy Riyadh, Unit 61307, APO AE 09803-1307; International Mail: P. O. Box 94309, Riyadh 11693


telephone: [966] (1) 488-3800


FAX: [966] (1) 488-7360


consulate(s) general: Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant)

embassy:
27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508

mailing address:
PSC Box 470, FPO AP 96534-0001

telephone:
[65] 476-9100

FAX:
[65] 476-9340
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud


chancery: 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037


telephone: [1] (202) 342-3800


consulate(s) general: Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador CHAN Heng Chee

chancery:
3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 537-3100

FAX:
[1] (202) 537-0876

consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles, San Francisco

consulate(s):
New York
Disputes - international demarcation of delimited boundary with Yemen involves nomadic tribal affiliations; because details of 1974 and 1977 treaties have not been made public, the exact location of the Saudi Arabia-UAE boundary is unknown and status is considered de facto Pedra Branca Island (Pulau Batu Putih) disputed with Malaysia
Economic aid - donor pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon; since 1993, Saudi Arabia has committed $208 million for assistance to the Palestinians; pledged $240 million to development in Afghanistan -
Economic aid - recipient - $NA
Economy - overview This is an oil-based economy with strong government controls over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world (26% of the proved reserves), ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% of GDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 25% of GDP comes from the private sector. Roughly 4 million foreign workers play an important role in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and service sectors. Riyadh expects to have a budget deficit in 2002, in part because of increased spending for education and other social programs. The government in 1999 announced plans to begin privatizing the electricity companies, which follows the ongoing privatization of the telecommunications company. The government is expected to continue calling for private sector growth to lessen the kingdom's dependence on oil and increase employment opportunities for the swelling Saudi population. Shortages of water and rapid population growth will constrain government efforts to increase self-sufficiency in agricultural products. Singapore is blessed with a highly developed and successful free-market economy, a remarkably open and corruption-free business environment, stable prices, and the fifth highest per capita GDP in the world. Exports, particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services are the main drivers of the economy. Mainly because of robust exports, especially electronic goods, the economy grew 10.1% in 2000. Forecasters, however, are projecting only 4%-6% growth in 2001 largely because of weaker global demand, especially in the US. The government promotes high levels of savings and investment through a mandatory savings scheme and spends heavily in education and technology. It also owns government-linked companies (GLCs) - particularly in manufacturing - that operate as commercial entities. As Singapore looks to a future increasingly marked by globalization, the country is positioning itself as the region's financial and high-tech hub.
Electricity - consumption 114.86 billion kWh (2000) 25.464 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2000) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2000) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 123.5 billion kWh (2000) 27.381 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m


highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m
lowest point:
Singapore Strait 0 m

highest point:
Bukit Timah 166 m
Environment - current issues desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
Exchange rates Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.7450 (fixed rate since June 1986) Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001), 1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government


cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and includes many royal family members


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
chief of state:
President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1 September 1999)

head of government:
Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990) and Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results:
Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president unopposed
Exports $66.9 billion f.o.b. (2001) $137 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities petroleum and petroleum products 90% machinery and equipment (including electronics), chemicals, mineral fuels
Exports - partners US 17.4%, Japan 17.3%, South Korea 11.7%, Singapore 5.3%, India (2000) US 19%, Malaysia 17%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Taiwan 5%, Thailand 4%, UK 4%, Netherlands 3.8%, China 3%, South Korea 3%, Germany 3% (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle
GDP purchasing power parity - $241 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $109.8 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 7%


industry: 48%


services: 45% (2000 est.)
agriculture:
NEGL%

industry:
30%

services:
70%
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $10,600 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $26,500 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 1.6% (2001 est.) 10.1% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 25 00 N, 45 00 E 1 22 N, 103 48 E
Geography - note extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
Heliports 5 (2002) 1 (2000 est.)
Highways total: 146,524 km


paved: 44,104 km


unpaved: 102,420 km (1997 est.)
total:
3,150 km

paved:
3,066 km (including 150 km of expressways)

unpaved:
84 km (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Illicit drugs death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin, cocaine, and hashish as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to use as a transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money laundering
Imports $29.7 billion f.o.b. (2001) $127 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners US 21.1%, Japan 9.4%, Germany 7.4%, UK 7.3% (2000) US 17%, Japan 17%, Malaysia 16%, Thailand 5%, China 5%, Taiwan 4%, Germany 3%, Saudi Arabia 3% (1999)
Independence 23 September 1932 (Unification of the Kingdom) 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)
Industrial production growth rate 1% (1997 est.) 14% (2000 est.)
Industries crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, construction, fertilizer, plastics electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology
Infant mortality rate 49.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 3.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.7% (2001) 1.4% (2000)
International organization participation ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BIS, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer) APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, Australia Group (observer), BIS, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 42 (2001) 9 (2000)
Irrigated land 16,200 sq km (1998 est.) NA sq km
Judicial branch Supreme Council of Justice Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals
Labor force 7 million


note: 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (July 1998 est.)
2.1 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 12%, industry 25%, services 63% (1999 est.) financial, business, and other services 35%, manufacturing 21%, construction 13%, transportation and communication 9%
Land boundaries total: 4,431 km


border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
0 km
Land use arable land: 1.72%


permanent crops: 0.06%


other: 98.22% (1998 est.)
arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
6%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
5%

other:
87% (1993 est.)
Languages Arabic Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)
Legal system based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch a consultative council (90 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms) unicameral Parliament (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 2 January 1997 (next to be held by 26 August 2002)

election results:
percent of vote by party - PAP 65% (in contested constituencies), other 35%; seats by party - PAP 81, WP 1, SPP 1; note - subsequent to the election, there was a change in the distribution of seats, the new distribution is as follows: PAP 80, WP 1, SPP 1, vacant 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 68.4 years


male: 66.7 years


female: 70.2 years (2002 est.)
total population:
80.17 years

male:
77.22 years

female:
83.35 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 78%


male: 84.2%


female: 69.5% (2002 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
93.5%

male:
97%

female:
89.8% (1999)
Location Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, north of Yemen Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia
Map references Middle East Southeast Asia
Maritime claims contiguous zone: 18 NM


continental shelf: not specified


territorial sea: 12 NM
exclusive fishing zone:
within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice

territorial sea:
3 NM
Merchant marine total: 71 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,071,315 GRT/1,412,125 DWT


ships by type: cargo 11, chemical tanker 10, container 4, livestock carrier 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 11, short-sea passenger 8


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Egypt 3, Finland 1, Greece 3, Kuwait 1, Sudan 1, United Arab Emirates 1, United Kingdom 3 (2002 est.)
total:
879 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,849,168 GRT/33,215,317 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 134, cargo 111, chemical tanker 63, combination bulk 10, combination ore/oil 6, container 167, liquefied gas 28, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 295, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 33

note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Australia 1, Bermuda 12, Belgium 6, China 9, Denmark 29, Germany 8, Greece 1, Hong Kong 20, Indonesia 9, Japan 32, South Korea 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 9, Russia 1, Sweden 22, Thailand 22, Taiwan 17, UK 3, US 10 (2000 est.)
Military branches Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Ministry of Interior Forces (paramilitary) Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $18.3 billion (FY00) $5 billion (FY00/01 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 13% (FY00) 4.5% (FY00/01 est.)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 6,007,635 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
1,316,815 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 3,359,849 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
959,636 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 17 years of age (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 233,402 (2002 est.) -
National holiday Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) Independence Day, 9 August (1965)
Nationality noun: Saudi(s)


adjective: Saudi or Saudi Arabian
noun:
Singaporean(s)

adjective:
Singapore
Natural hazards frequent sand and dust storms NA
Natural resources petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper fish, deepwater ports
Net migration rate 1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) 26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km) -
Political parties and leaders none allowed People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretary general] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong]; Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM]
Political pressure groups and leaders none NA
Population 23,513,330


note: includes 5,360,526 non-nationals (July 2002 est.)
4,300,419 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% NA%
Population growth rate 3.27% (2002 est.) 3.5% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh, Ra's al Khafji, Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Madinat Yanbu' al Sinaiyah Singapore
Radio broadcast stations AM 43, FM 31, shortwave 2 (1998) AM 0, FM 16, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios 6.25 million (1997) 2.6 million (2000)
Railways total: 1,392 km


standard gauge: 1,392 km 1.435-m gauge (724 km are double-tracked) (2001)
total:
38.6 km

narrow gauge:
38.6 km 1.000-m gauge

note:
there is a 83 km mass transit system with 48 stations
Religions Muslim 100% Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.39 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.25 male(s)/female


total population: 1.22 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female

total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage none 21 years of age; universal and compulsory
Telephone system general assessment: modern system


domestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable systems


international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
general assessment:
major consideration given to serving business interests; excellent international service

domestic:
excellent domestic facilities

international:
submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use 3.1 million (1998) 1.928 million (November 2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular 1 million


note: in 1998, the government contracted for the installation of 575,000 additional Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) cellular telephone lines over 15 months to raise the total number of subscribers to more than one million; Riyadh planned to further expand the GSM system in 1999 by adding an additional one million lines (1998)
2.333 million (November 2000)
Television broadcast stations 117 (1997) 6 (2000)
Terrain mostly uninhabited, sandy desert lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve
Total fertility rate 6.21 children born/woman (2002 est.) 1.22 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% 3% (2000 est.)
Waterways none none
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